Technology And Its Effect On Human Development - 888 Words

Memory, as the most basic mode of information transfer in human experience, has shaped identity and created continuity through time throughout history. Historically, technology has provided memory-aid devices to assist human’s interactions with information. However, with the prevalence of computers and digital technologies today, there are modern concerns about whether the use of technology is to assist human activity and that to replace human intelligence. While current debates rage on about the value and consequences of technological infringement on human memory, it is inevitable that technology will continue to change. Though the development of technology might be having a detrimental effect on memory, human should not fear, but learn to adapt to the rapid growth of technology. Over the history, technology has been used not only to preserve, but also to propagate information that was once the territory of memory. Boornstin describes the enormous impact on the Western world due to the introduction of the printing press. With the proliferation of printed books, ideas spread much more quickly and abstractions resulting from those ideas were easier to pass on and develop amongst the learned. As the volume of information grew, improvements in the structure of the printed format, such as continuous pagination, tables of contents, and indexes allowed easier reference to the information contained within books (Boornstin, 1983). All of these developments simultaneously eased theShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Technology1022 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology affects every aspect of our lives. We as humans use it every day with little to no thought. Humans are becoming more reliant on the internet and other forms of technology to receive their information and comm unicate. However, the increase in the use of technology has had a negative effect on humans’ health and development and communication. 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Social learning theory explains many childhood social, moral, and cognitive developments in people’s environment, which could be applied to understanding human ghosting phenomena in cyberRead MoreTechnology Devices Can Enhance Social Development For Children Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Purpose: The purpose of this literature review is to determine whether technology devices can enhance social development for children in schools. This literature review summarises peer and non-peer reviewed literature nationally and internationally. I mainly researched data bases from Porirua Library. Outline: This literature review summarises peer and non-peer reviewed literature nationally and internationally. I mainly researched data bases from Porirua Library. Literature was gainedRead MoreTechnology On Our Generation s Future1239 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy December 16, 2016 Technology on our Generation’s Future Technology is machinery created by scientific knowledge that serves an active role in our industries (Computerhope). Around the world technology has become one of the most popular forms of communication (Computerhope). Starting with regular rotary phones and advancing into Instagram, twitter and facetime. Technology dating back to 1943 when the first computer was created by J. Presper Eckert

A Passage to India Free Essays

E. M. Forster’s novel, A Passage to India, is a look into the lives of both the colonizer and the colonized. We will write a custom essay sample on A Passage to India or any similar topic only for you Order Now While the plight of the colonized is tragic, filled with degrading images of subjugated civilizations and noble people reduced to mere laborers, it is the colonizer, the British of India, and their rapid change from newly arrived colonist to rigid and unforgiving ruler that draws my interest. The characters constantly comment on these changes that occur to the British once they adjust to the imperialist lifestyle. In the second chapter of the novel Hamidullah, a Muslim character, remarks to his friends, â€Å"Yes, they have no choice here, that is my point. They come out intending to be gentlemen and are told it will not do. . . . I give any Englishman two years. . . . And I give any Englishwoman six months† (Forster 7). Miss Quested constantly worries about becoming this caricature of her former self and also recognizes the changes in her husband-to-be, Ronny, as he fits into the British ruling class lifestyle. Fielding looks at the uncaring people his compatriots have become and marvels as he befriends an Indian Muslim. Is it possible that colonialism has an effect on the colonizer as well as the colonized? Forster clearly demonstrates that colonialism is not only a tragedy for the colonized, but effects a change on the colonizer as well. But how and why does this change occur? Aime Cesaire proposed that it is simply the savage nature of colonization that changes man into their most primal state (20). This does not work because there is no blatant savagery as in Heart of Darkness. Forster doesn’t seem to be parading the cruelty of the colonizer. Thomas Gladwin and Ahmad Saidin suggest that the change is simply the myth of the white man as the British citizens assert their crowns of supposed natural, higher intelligence and worth (47). This does seem to be a good argument because of the superiority that the British colonists take upon themselves in the novel, sequestering themselves in the British club that no mere Indian can be a part of. However, it doesn’t account for the more inquisitive and benevolent natures of Adela and Mr. Fielding and their acts and opinions toward the Indian people. In his essay â€Å"Shooting and Elephant,† George Orwell states that: When the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib. For it is the condition of his rule that he shall spend his life in trying to impress the ‘natives,’ and so in every crisis he has got to do what the ‘natives’ expect of him. He wears a mask and his face grows to fit. (152) Orwell suggests that the change is merely the taking on of a role and that the colonizer is an actor required to play the part of the British ruler. It is expected by the native people, and also by their fellow colonists. This expectation is shown through the comment of Hamidallah and his insistence of the inevitable change. It is expected. It is the acceptance of this role is the change that affects the characters in A Passage to India, and if this is the accepted norm, then it goes to reason that those who do not accept it will find themselves outcasts of the society they reject. This is what I intend to show by comparing the plights of Forster’s characters Ronny, Adela, and Fielding, as I explore their differing approaches to this role and the effects that come of either accepting or rejecting it . The first groups of colonizers are those who accept the act of leadership whole-heartedly. They separate themselves from the population, declaring their own superiority over the masses as they build their walled compounds content to be out of sight and sound of any Indians, with the exception of their servants (of course) (Kurinan 44). They seek to make Britain in India, rather than accepting and glorifying the resident cultures. They remain strangers to it, practically living in a separate country they provided for themselves, yet ruling one that they remained aloof from (Eldridge 170). This is the Englishman or woman who feels that without British rule everything will fall to ruin and chaos, anarchy being the ruling class in their stead (Kurinan 33). This is also the class that Albert Memmi, author of The Colonizer and the Colonized (and a former colonized citizen himself), calls the â€Å"colonizer who accepts† (45). It is the colonizer who accepts his or her given role as ruler and god over the colonized people. Memmi supports Orwell’s idea of the role they play by stating that â€Å"the colonizer must assume the opaque rigidity and imperviousness of stone. In short, he must dehumanize himself as well (xxvii). † Those who accept the role of the British administrator lose a part of themselves in the process, becoming an actor instead of a man, doing what is expected, not what is right. Forster picks up on this idea as well. Ronny Healsop is the character that exemplifies the ruling class of the nineteenth century British colonizers. He fulfills the characteristics of the administrative class. He adopts the aloof and chilly manner that was characteristic, caring only about his superiority over the Indians and his evenings at the club with his own kind (Kurinan 43). He shows his callousness and robotic adherence to his role as magistrate in India in an argument with his mother. ‘We’re out here to do justice and keep the peace. Theme’s my sentiments. India isn’t a drawing room. ‘ ‘You’re sentiments are those of a god,’ she said quietly, but it was his manner rather than his sentiments that annoyed her. Trying to recover his temper, he said, ‘India likes gods. ‘And Englishmen like posing as gods. ‘ ‘There’s no point in all this. Here we are, and we’re going to stop, and the country’s got to put up with us, gods or no gods. . . .I am out here to work, mind, to hold this wretched country by force. I’m not a mission ary or a Labor Member or a vague sentimental sympathetic literary man. I’m just a servant of the Government. . . .We’re not pleasant in India, and we don’t intend to be pleasant. We’ve something more important to do’ (51-52). Ronny dehumanizes himself with his constant ravings about having more important things to do in India than being pleasant to the â€Å"natives. He puts himself up as a god, only there for justice and to hold the country together by force. He sheds any ideas of sentiment and in doing so shows how such ideas are looked upon with derision by the ruling class of the colony. Adela, Ronny’s intended fiancee, recognizes this loss of humanity in him from his arguments. She thinks about his manner and it upsets her that â€Å"he did rub it in that he was not in India to behave pleasantly, and derived positive satisfaction there from! . . . The traces of young-man humanitarianism sloughed† (52). What she doesn’t realize is that Ronny is merely accepting his role as Orwell’s â€Å"conventionalized figure of a sahib† and Memmi’s typical colonizer: harsh and cold with no time or inclination toward sentiment. Adela Quested is troubled by this conventionalized role. She comes to India to see its wonders and to connect with its people. Her first moments of seeing Ronny are telling because they show her reluctance to take upon herself the role of the British administrative archetype. She marvels at how he has changed and how unsympathetic he is to those he rules over. This idea is something that haunts her as she continually struggles with the role she must take on if she marries Ronny and remains in India. She has a hard time reconciling the notion of the India she sees with that she must be apart of. â€Å"In front, like a shutter, fell a vision of her married life. She and Ronny would look into the club like this every evening, then drive home to dress; they would see the Lesleys and the Callenders and the Turtons and the Burtons, and invite them and be invited by them while the true India slid by unnoticed† (48). Adela does not wish to be a part of the society that Ronny is so fond of. She even goes so far as to ask an Indian about how she can avoid becoming as the other women, something that no other British woman would do. As she rejects her role as actress in the British imperial play, Adela becomes Memmi’s â€Å"colonizer who refuses† (19), becoming contemptible in the sight of the English society of India. Those who did not accept this role were viewed as the enemy in the imperial point of view. Memmi points out that those who enter the colonies must accept or go home. There is no middle ground. Those who show signs of humanitarian romanticism are viewed as the worst of all dangers and are on the side of the enemy (20). Adela’s thoughts are always viewed as naive and idealistic, but everyone has faith that she will fit in in time. The British laugh at her notions of wanting to see the real India that they try to shut out every day, but they figure that she will fall in line in the end. But what happens if she doesn’t? Adela’s refusal to pursue charges against Aziz when she realizes her folly in accusing him of attempted molestation leaves her ostracized. She rejects the role of imperialist colonizer and must live with the consequences. Those who were once her greatest supporters, fawning over her illness and pretending to be so caring and concerned, now become her most vehement enemies. Memmi observed that those colonizers who felt their ideas were betrayed became vicious (21). As Adela found out after her acquitting remarks on Aziza’s behalf, her friends turned against her, her superiors denounced her, and even Ronny left her. Adela realizes that if she doesn’t choose to wear the mask of imperialism that â€Å"one belongs nowhere and becomes a public nuisance without realizing it. . .I speak of India. I am not astray in † (291). One key element of her statement is that she is only a nuisance in India. Memmi asserts that those who are good cannot stay in the colony (21). The best of people must leave because they cannot accept the consequences of their remaining as a colonist. This idea also shows that these chan ges in character are only exhibited in India. The English in England share differing opinions and ideas. They are not caught in the play as the colonists are and so it shows that a definite change exists between leaving England and acclimatizing to India. Therefore, Adela, although cast out from the imperial administrative class of , may remain unchanged and return to . The last character is that of Fielding. Fielding takes on the role of the colonizer who refuses, but he takes a different path than Adela. Instead of leaving he turns to the colonized for support. Fielding always connects with the Indians. He has no qualms about speaking to them or visiting them in their homes, even visiting Aziz when he falls ill. He doesn’t frequent â€Å"the club,† because he doesn’t share all of the same opinions that the ruling English colonizers do. Fielding also realizes the truth that the real India lays not in the British imperial scope, but in the Indians themselves. When Adela is expressing her desires to see the real India, Ronny asks Fielding how one sees the â€Å"real India. † Fielding’s answer is â€Å"Try seeing Indians† (25). This question results in many of the people at the club talking about how they see too many Indians and too often. This comment about seeing the real India through its people, however, shows a definite sympathy with a conquered people, more than any of the other British people were willing to show at any point. Fielding takes his rejection of the imperialist nature so far as to support and defend the natives against his own people. When Aziz is accused of assault on Adela, Fielding is the first to come to his aid, forsaking his own people. He even defiles the sanctity of the club, choosing it to be his battle ground and denouncing his own people and the play that they have chosen to act in. He makes a very bold statement to the amazement of his fellow British subjects. He declares, â€Å"I believe Dr. Aziz to be innocent. . . . If he is guilty I resign from my service, and leave India. I resign from the club now† (210). He completely rejects his people in their chosen sanctuary, defiling their temple of Britishness and becoming their number one enemy. He is immediately denounced as he rejects this role of imperial aristocrat for benevolent humanitarian. He refuses the mask and doesn’t just walk away from it, as Adela must eventually do, but he stomps on it. He in no way forsakes his British heritage, but he realizes that friendship is possible with the Indians, and he is willing to fight for his cause. He becomes the moral hero to the Indians, a quality that Memmi says is important to his acceptance into their confidence. But, Memmi also states that Fielding cannot completely join them because above all he is still British and therefore holds the same ideas and prejudices that he grew up with (45). That is unavoidable because, after all, Fielding is still a British citizen, something that can’t be erased. In the end Fielding does turn back to his own people, marrying an English girl, but I think it is significant that he returns to England to find this girl, who is connected with Miss Quested and Mrs. Moore, the two idealistic characters in the novel. Fielding becomes more of a part of the imperial ociety with his marriage ties, but he remains free of the change that occurs in the colonies by making his match away from India. He stays free of the role of imperial actor and continues on with his notions of friendship and peace with the Indian people. I assert that Forster presented Fielding as an example of how to resist the imperial Indian machine and yet still maintain his British culture. Fie lding is the most sympathetic, not wavering on his regard for the people, only realizing the differences that may lie between their personalities and cultures. When he becomes the â€Å"colonizer that refuses,† Fielding shows that resistance of the changes that come upon the colonizer is possible and that the role of imperial actor may be refused. Imperialism was a British institution for a long time. It brought British people in contact with many cultures and peoples. It also helped them to affect a great amount of change on indigenous ways of life. The images and accounts of the brutality and callousness of the Imperial administrators are legendary and will always be the most examined part of its long stretch until its fall in the twentieth century. These effects on the native cultures are important, as are the accounts of their plights, however now we can see that Imperialism and colonization didn’t only affect the colonized, but that it had an effect on the colonizer as well. Aime Cesaire stated that â€Å"colonial activity, colonial enterprise, colonial conquest, which is based on contempt for the nature and justified by that contempt, inevitable tends to change him who undertakes it† (20). Living the life of imperialism has its stamp. It can’t help but have it. As George Orwell insinuated, it is a play, and the imperial citizens and administrators were actors, trying to play their parts as demi-gods with great confidence and authority (Kuinan 55). When any person did not live up to the art of performance, they either returned to England or joined in the plight of the native, being ostracized from their â€Å"people. † Forster presents a picture of this Imperial England. A Passage to India provides a perfect stage in which to watch the action play out among those who accept their role and those who rebel, whether knowingly or not. His portrayal of the characters Ronny, Adela, and Fielding show the three different types of colonizers that Memmi observed in his own life as a suppressed â€Å"native. † Each character portrays a different situation and mind set, demonstrating the different alternatives in the colonial/imperial life. Through these characters we truly see the effects that imperialism had on not only the colonized, but also the colonizer, showing that no one is immune . How to cite A Passage to India, Essay examples A Passage to India Free Essays The book that has been taken into consideration is â€Å"’Passage to India† and is written by E.M. Forster. We will write a custom essay sample on A Passage to India or any similar topic only for you Order Now The book has been written in a way that it presents scenes set in the imaginary northern India city of Chandrapore. E.M. Forster’s ‘Passage to India’, has always been extensively looked upon as an early 20th century classic, and it presents to the readers the account of the distressed connections between British India and the country’s Indian populace. The basic message that has been proffered by the author of the book is that the white British and the local Indians should not have made any attempts to interrelate communally outside of the conventional forms because it always ended badly for all concerned. Review A Passage to India is a well-known novel written by E.  M.  Forster that was published in the year 1924. The book presents a depiction of society in India under the British Rule, and from that it is easy to deduce the clash between East and West, as well as that of the discriminations and misinterpretations that foredoomed friendliness. The book has been condemned at first for anti-British and perhaps imprecise partiality; it has been admired as an outstanding character study of people of one race by a writer of another race. The book has been written in three parts namely Mosque, Caves, Temple, and is about Aziz, a young Muslim doctor, whose openness and eagerness for the British turn to resentment and cynicism when his pride is injured. Compassion builds up amid him and the elderly Mrs. Moore, who has come to visit her son, who is the City Magistrate. Along with her is Adela Quested, who is youthful, sober, and charmless, who wishes to know more and more about the ‘real’ India and tries to ignore the taboos and snobberies of the British circle. Aziz arranges a voyage for the visitors to the famous Caves of Marbar, where an unexpected expansion plunges him into dishonor and provokes deep rivalry between the two races. Adela indicts him of slighting her in the Caves; he is committed to jail and stands trial. E ven though Adela pulls out her charge, but Aziz turns wrathfully away from the British, towards a Hindu-Muslim entente. In the last part of the book he has moved to a post in a local state, and is bringing up his family in tranquility. His friend Mr. Fielding visits him who is the former Principal of the Government College, a clever man. They talk about the future of India and Aziz foretells that he and Fielding can be friends only if the British are driven out of the country. After going through the book, one can easily make out why the author believes that the Indians and the British can not be friends. First of all there is a massive culture clash between the two parties that can not be ignored. The basic theme of the book under consideration A Passage to India and in its background is a clash between two essentially different cultures, those of East and West. As is mostly believed by a number of people, east and west are two parts of the world that can never come into terms with each other which is exactly what has been presented in this book. Without putting forward any such quotes this is basically the under lying theme of the book presented by Forster. In Chandrapore, the Anglo-Indians (the British commissioners and their families living in India) represented the West. They make up a comparatively small but close-knit community. Their social lives basically revolve around the Chandrapore Club, where they challenge to restructure the entertainments that would be found in England. Even though these Westerners desire to uphold good relations with the Easterners whom they preside over, they have no yearning to comprehend India or the Indians. As in written in one chapter of the book, a character Ronny Heaslop remarks that â€Å"No one can even begin to think of knowing this country until he has been in it twenty years.† (Forster, p. 50).   Adela Quested reprimands him for his attitudes, he replies that â€Å"India isn’t home† — which means that India is not and will never be England. How to cite A Passage to India, Papers

Does poor communication cause conflict Essay Example For Students

Does poor communication cause conflict? Essay Consider for example, an e-mail asking for some information yesterday to stress how important this request is. The sender thinks e-mails are great as they travel at the speed of light and spell things out in black white. The recipient may consider that if its in a e-mail then it cant be that urgent because servers can loose, misdirect or delay an e-mails transmission. They may also consider that as the information was wanted yesterday its already too late to be effectively utilised. Both parties saw the same communiquÃÆ' ©, neither read the same message. Each will blame the other for failing to communicate properly and conflict may result. E-mail flame wars are a high tech twist on whispering campaigns. And like the system of claims loyalties in a feudal states the smallest e-mail spat can spiral out of control with careless use of the C.C. and B.C.C functions. Drucker 1977says that there are four fundamentals of communication: communication is perception of the recipient not the utterance of the instigator communication is expectation in that recipients will heed only what they are expecting to hear communication makes demands of the recipient that they become someone, do or believe something communication and information are different and largely opposite yet interdependent Employees need to know a number of things such as what is expected of them, how they are performing and how can they advance. If these are not communicated, on a regular basis, then role or expectation conflict will develop and motivation decline as the employee is berated for failing to meet the goals their superiors assigned them. But if this is all the communication they receive they may begin to feel like machines. According to Pearson Thomas there are three levels of communication that employees need, these being: Must know discussed above. Should know which includes significant staff changes and company/market developments. Then could know which although having no operational impact makes life more interesting. Office gossip is only a could know but probably the communication that really binds a company together. Barring security, legal and share price sensitive data everyone should be able to find out anything. Those who cant access what they need or interests them will resent it. The corporate magazine is often viewed from the shop floor as a self agrandment vehicle containing company propaganda and staff often resent the money that goes into its publication. Higher management consider it a morale boosting tool. Contentious issues are never covered or answered with the ambiguity of a politician. Real information about a company will appear in the financial press and be reflected in the companies share price. Towsend likens reading the house magazine to going down in warm maple syrup and recommends using the money saved to go into employee share plans. Having seen the conflict and drain in resources that poor communication entails what can a company do about it. Typically communications problems result in one of three things being  tried either policies, re-organisation or team building exercises. All of which attempt to create new paths for communication to follow Dawson-Sheperd and White 1994 cite a report produced by the Institute of Directors which suggested that of those companies with employee communications policies, 65.1% credited them with improving productivity, 68.1% with fewer industrial disputes and 80.3% with improvements in loyalty. When reorganising companies have to decide between two types of departmental organisation. One of grouping the same function together. The other of mixing the functions according to what information they need to function. Are, say, actuaries in a financial services company pooled centrally or located out with the departments they support. Do the high level mangers share a single office floor so that they are accessible to each other or sit where they can practice management by walking about on a daily basis be accessible by the staff they manage . Each choice will determine the kind and content of communication that occurs. .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 , .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 .postImageUrl , .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 , .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23:hover , .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23:visited , .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23:active { border:0!important; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23:active , .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23 .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc8e56c28e031ffdb4e4bfb62fe066c23:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mattel - Auditors Liablity EssayGrouping by function will create cliques based on profession. Between cliques there will be ignorance of each others modus operandi and working pressures which creates interdepartmental friction as each can only see their set of priories. Not grouping by function means that levels of specialist knowledge will take longer to increase and cause dissatisfaction in professionals and knowledge workers. Team building works on the principle of put them through hell and they will end up working together. For many employees they are already doing this five days a week and its not working. Then the teams, for these events, are always constructed wrongly either all managers who will be seen to be out on a jolly or all members of the same department. Team building should be used to create unofficial links between departments to contrast compliment the designed communication flow built in to the company structure. People do not like being kept in the dark or working for a despot. Decrees without adequate explanations will be resented even if they make perfect sense. The salesmans formula of feature that produces this result which then gives you this benefit needs to be used to manage the expectation perception of the recipients. However in trying to talk shop a manager may misdirect staff as they read a greater meaning into his casual comments. Better communication will allow employees and departments to take or contribute information on what may appear at first to be an unrelated subject which when viewed with their specialist knowledge does in fact encroach on a different functional area. This will lower conflict where one party feels that their domain is being encroached upon without any consultation Even the most perfect communication systems will not remove conflict. Indeed it may initially increase conflict as bad news finds a way to filter upwards without the massaging and censoring that intervening layers of management apply. Employees armed with facts or copies of company procedures may come as a shock to those operating  sharp management practices. According to Kreitner, Kinicki Buelens 54% of managers use information as a tool in office politics and thats just those who play by the conventions and dont engage in politicking. Total information and understanding, if it could ever be achieved, will not eliminate conflict. Each employee is pursuing their own goals and conflict will not arise for only as long as theirs and corporate goals align. Departments are in competition for resources and brownie points with higher management. Employees desire increased remuneration, more interesting work and the company only has so much of each to share out. To remove conflict from a company it would have to employ mangers who were all yes-men. These would have either no original opinions or be sufficiently unprofessional as to let even the most flawed decision or idea be implemented. This kind of organisation will hardly survive and the best it could ever achieve is stagnation. Conflicts and differences of opinion always exist in a healthy, virile organisation, for it is usually from such differences that new and better objectives and methods emerge. Differences are essential to progress, but bitter, unresolved differences can immobilise an organisation Likert 1961 Conflict is a requirement of growth. A company without conflict will be suffering from group think and quite simply there are not that many industrial/management/marketing geniuses to comprise and make a successful company operating in this mode. Tom Peters talks about Skunks people who have all the facts but are not afraid to challenge things if they can see a different and better way of doing things. However this requires a corporate climate where disagreement is not seen as disloyalty. Western science is full of examples where one person has discovered something new differing from the accepted mass communications of wisdom of mostly the church and literally changed the world. But always there has been conflict in the transition. .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d , .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d .postImageUrl , .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d , .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d:hover , .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d:visited , .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d:active { border:0!important; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d:active , .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u216f8beefd3e7428abd8a04369fca84d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hobson's Choice - EssayAlthough conflict can be attributed to poor communication it is rarely the largest cause of conflict in a company. Conflict is here to stay and embodied in Gordon Geckos infamous quote in Wall Street greed is good. It would not be an exaggeration to say that western society is shaped by conflict. Take our legal system for example; it uses an adversarial approach and no one can doubt the communication skills of the top barristers. If your people fight you openly when they think your wrong thats healthy. If people fight each other openly in your presence for what they believe in thats healthy. But keep all the conflict eyeball to eyeball Towsend,R Orders flow down a company hierarchy. Communication of the understanding of such flows upwards. Crosswise people share information on getting things done often in contravention of policies Employees need direction, information and entertainment accurately and truthfully delivered by both the formal and informal company chains of communication.

Wilde as Parodist a Second Look at the Importance of Being Earnest a Review Essay Example

Wilde as Parodist: a Second Look at the Importance of Being Earnest : a Review Paper Although many of the early critics found Oscar Wilde’s final play strictly humorous, it clearly conveys social hypocrisies of the upper-classes of the period (late-Victorian). Wilde was being satirical and paradoxical in his play to show the hypocrisy and entertain the viewers in a play that is still being repeated till today. It is a witty and amusing comedy which conveys real life everyday themes such as real love as opposed to selfish love, religion, marriage, being truthful and country life as opposed to city life. Richard Foster, author of â€Å"Wilde as Parodist: A Second Look at The Importance of Being Earnest†, published in October 1956, writes on how the this play was viewed by critics, the techniques used by Wilde to achieve his purpose, and even compares this work to other similar works by other authors. Foster begins his article by explaining why critics cannot accurately name the type of this play. It is neither â€Å"farce† nor â€Å"comedy of manners†, although Wilde excessively makes use of both. The play is too intellectual to be considered a farce, yet too unrealistic to be considered a comedy of manners, even though ridicule and exposure of the vanities and hypocrisies of the upper class is surely the main function of the verbal wit. However, the comedy of The Importance of Being Earnest is not in the situations or actions for most of the part, but in the dialogue. Wilde’s play is a satirical demonstration of how art can lie romantically about human beings and distort the simple laws of real life with melodramatic complications and improbable easy escapes from them. Earnest suggests that we all lead double lives. This is the idea that homosexual Wilde was understandably obsessed with. â€Å"Earnest† as a name is also implicative of being honest and responsible, even if both men lied about their names. It turns out that the truth was told, and this rapid twist between truth and lies shows how muddled the Victorian values of honesty and responsibility were. The re are several possibilities for hidden meanings in Wilde’s play, each more suiting than the last. The whole play could be interpreted on different levels. We will write a custom essay sample on Wilde as Parodist: a Second Look at the Importance of Being Earnest : a Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wilde as Parodist: a Second Look at the Importance of Being Earnest : a Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wilde as Parodist: a Second Look at the Importance of Being Earnest : a Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Foster continues to describe the technique Wilde used to make a parody to romantic â€Å"love at first sight†. You see, Cecily seems to have fallen in love with Ernest Worthing before actually meeting him. She has diary entries of their engagement, their break-up (as â€Å"it would hardly have been a really serious engagement if it hadn’t been broken off at least once†), and their re-engagement, and she even has his love letters, although she had written them herself. The standard notion of a romance involves the man proving himself to the woman after a breach in their love. In this play, Gwendolen and Cecily find out that their Ernests are really Jack and Algernon, and the restoration of their â€Å"love† occurs when the guys decide to christen themselves as Ernest. It appears that a major critical part of the play revolves around marriage being just a social tool. The two girls are in love with a name rather than a character, and Algy even proposes to Cecily right after meeting her. Also, Lady Bracknell, Algy’s aunt, disproves of Algy and Cecily’s marriage until she discovers that Cecily has a large fortune, and disproves of Jack and Gwendolen’s marriage, because he is an orphan. Foster explains that the â€Å"flaws† of the play- the contrivance of the plot, the convenience the coincidence and the resolution in the end- are the whole point. It is easy to mistake the play for something that it is not, as nothing in the play is what it seems. According to the critic, Wilde repeatedly attacked the moralism of the Victorian society, and the idea of morality being a set of rules about what people should and shouldnt do. The earnest/Ernest joke strikes at the very heart of Victorian notions of respectability and duty. Gwendolen wants to marry a man called Ernest, and she doesnt care whether the man actually possesses the qualities that comprise earnestness. Oscar Wilde used numerous epigrams, the main thing he was famous for, to reach his points and to entertain his audience. â€Å"The suspense is terrible. I hope it will last†, â€Å"produce your explanation and pray make it improbable†, â€Å"washing ones own clean linen in public, and â€Å"in married life three is company and two is none† are just a few examples of Wilde’s ingenious ideas paradoxing common phrases, and used just right to tersely express his opinions in a witty way. The Importance of Being Earnest is a fantastic play; it is truly a great work of English literature. It makes light of love, marriage, and religion which are issues that people take very seriously and that is what everybody needs is to lighten up sometimes. Despite the fact that it was written in the Victorian era, the witty comedic themes are still relevant in todays society which makes the play all the more entertaining and relatable. Wilde’s tone of wit, farce and satire combined together shows his great ability as an author.

The feud between East and West Coast Hip Hop Culture.

The feud between East and West Coast Hip Hop Culture. Hip-Hop's Greatest RivalryHip-hop is a term recognized by many, but understood by few. To mainstream audiences today, the term has become a synonym for rap music; however, hip-hop in actuality is a relatively new cultural movement that "began amongst urban (primarily, but not entirely, African American) youth in New York [City]" ("Hip-Hop"). Soon after the birth of hip-hop in the mid 1970s, the cultural movement quickly spread throughout the United States and today has come to be known to the entire world. Hip-hop is constantly changing and although it has mainly appealed to the youth, its audience is continually growing. Hip-hop culture has four elements - graffiti art, breakdancing, DJing, and MCing/rapping (Ayazi-Hashjin 6,7). A main cause of the birth of hip-hop was the civil rights movement in the United States.Black consciousness and pride swept the streets among African Americans, especially those living in cities after the start of the civil rights movement.English: Photo of the front of 1520 Sedgwick Avenu...Prior to the birth of hip-hop, the Black Panthers were a powerful group, and The Nation of Islam was beginning to organize. Black culture was becoming better known through outlets such as magazines and jazz. As Black Americans were identifying with each other more and more, many other closely-knit black communities were forming, especially in New York City. An important consequence of this was the formation of gang culture (Ogg 23). In the 70s, street gangs became very popular among the Black American youth. Gangs became a way of representing Black pride for many. Young Black Americans looked to join gangs because of the kinship they could form with others who lived in a similar lifestyle. As the number of gangs grew, however, gang rivalry intensified to violence. The Bronx area of New York City in 1970s was thought of to be one of the...

A Look at the Concerns Surrounding Internet Dependency

A Look at the Concerns Surrounding Internet Dependency The new wave of online technology has seen the Internet take an increasingly large place amongst society throughout the past few decades. The introduction of Internet-capable personal devices such as mobiles phones and tablets have granted users further access, triggering Internet traffic to grow exponentially. Due to this immense social shift towards the online, contemporary issues have appeared on both an intrapersonal and interpersonal scale. Reports during the 1990’s, when the effects of the Internet intensified, suggested that some online users were becoming addicted in much the same way that others may become addicted to drugs, alcohol or gambling. However, as has been seen since this initial prognosis, Internet addiction has shown to be much more challenging and controversial to categorise than alternative substance-based addictions. In general terms, Internet addiction can be described as excessive preoccupations, behaviours or urges regarding computer and Internet use that leads to distress or impairment (Shaw Black, 2008). This research review will identify major issues in Internet addiction, as well as overview the major controversies, such as the inauguration of Internet addiction as a concept, tests founded to measure it, general verses specific addiction, addiction to gaming and the symptoms of excessive Internet use. Substantial research in the addiction field had been accomplished throughout the 20th century, however, due to the relative newness of Internet addiction, research that clearly outlines the stages of acquisition and the consequences of this type of addiction are less prominent. First mentions of computer addiction came through anecdotal reports in the late 1970’s, specifically through the media, with colloquial terms such as ‘computer addicts’ and ‘machine-code junkies’ being used to describe heavy computer users. The general public widely accepted that symptoms of computer addiction included the impairment of psychological development and the breakdown of social relationships. A few academics took a partial interest in the field throughout the 1980’s, however serious research was not conducted until Shotton (1991) partook in a study to further analyse this issue. Through a series of interviews and questionnaires, Shotton (1991) found that the effects of computer addiction were much less severe than previous literature and the media had suggested, citing logical reasons that explain why individuals engage in interacting with a machine so extensively. Shotton (1991) believed that introverted people who turned away from human relationships could find companionship through computing. Although revolutionary, Shotton’s research became quickly less pertinent when the Internet rose to fame in the mid-1990’s drastically changing the function and usability of computers. At the 104th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in 1996, Young (1998) presented a paper on the emergence of a new clinical disorder known as Internet addiction. Young reformed the prognosis in the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1995) for Pathological Gambling into a brief questionnaire referred to as the Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire (IADQ) used as a screening instrument for addictive Internet use where participants who scored on 5 or more were deemed as dependant Internet users. Young demonstrated that dependant Internet users spent an average of 38.5 hours per week online, compared to 4.9 hours for non-dependant users. Furthermore, the research illustrated that non-dependant users viewed the Internet as a valuable source of information and a medium for personal and business communication. This contrasts with dependant users, who saw the Internet as a significant part of their lives, enabling them to meet and socialise with new people, with many often preferring their online friends to their real life relationships. The study likened the consequences of Internet addiction to that of other addictions, citing academic problems, work complications, distorted sleep patterns relationship difficulties, and denial of use as symptoms of excessive Internet use. Young provides a framework for further research on addictive Internet use, concluding that many individuals demonstrated impulse-control difficulty similar to pathological gambling or alcohol abuse. The proposal put forth by Young (1998) sparked much debate amongst academics which has continued to this day. Beard and Wolf (2001) contended Young’s claim, arguing that her criteria for Internet addiction were too rigid and subjective for self-reported measures. They proposed that for an individual to exhibit Internet addiction, they must meet five necessary criteria, and one of three optional criteria, both deriving from Young’s original questionnaire. Beard and Wolf go on to question the term ‘Internet addiction’ altogether, explaining that excessive Internet use cannot be defined as an addiction, as it does not result in all of the symptoms and behaviours associated with conventional addictions such as physical withdrawal. The controversy surrounding this term is currently bolder than the times of yesteryear with the Internet’s increasing hold on society. Starcevic and Aboujaoude (2016) firmly stand against the diagnosis ‘Internet addiction ’ citing some issues with its use. They argue against the term in a literal sense, citing that there is no evidence that addiction to the Internet as a medium exists, it is merely a facilitator for other behavioural addictions. Furthermore, and progressively so, the Internet is too vague a term as it refers to the limitless variety of behaviours that could be performed online. As such, the term ‘Internet addiction’ should be replaced by more specific behaviours. The concluding argument by Starcevic and Aboujaoude (2016) in the previous paragraph feeds into one of the major controversies surrounding Internet addiction, where two schools of thought have emerged. The generalised view believes that Internet addiction merits its own classification as a new psychiatric disorder, whereas the specialised view breaks down an individual’s Internet usage and defines their addiction in regards to specific online activities. After many years of debate, a modern study by Montag et al. (2015) set out to examine whether it is appropriate to differentiate between generalised and specialised Internet addiction. Participants from Europe and Asia completed two generalised scales (IAT and GPIUS-2) and a specialised scale developed to measure four domains of internet use; video gaming, shopping, social networks and pornography. The results of the study demonstrated that there are indeed specific forms of Internet addiction and that large parts of both gene ralised and specific addiction do not overlap. However, this is not true in the case of social network addiction as there was a considerable overlap between it and generalised Internet addiction. The authors argue that this may be because Facebook does not exist without the internet, unlike the other specified domains. Laconi, Tricard and Chabrol (2015) also took a keen interest in the relationship between generalised Internet addiction and specialised internet addiction. This study had participants complete an array of scales relating to specific Internet uses (gambling, sex, video watching, communication, information seeking, gaming, work, shopping) and generalised Internet use. The study determined that out of 378 participants just 29 showed symptoms of generalised Internet addiction, in contrast to 170 showing specific Internet addiction, prompting the authors to call for the distinction between the two. One of the biggest revelations for Internet addiction as a diagnosis came recently when the DSM-5 (2013) introduced a non-substance addiction for the first time in its history. Internet gaming disorder was added in Section 3 of the DSM-5 after careful review of over 250 publications in this area due to the significant amount of research in recent years and the consequences of the condition. Prior to the DSM-5, a substantial number of tests were used to examine Internet addiction, generating no clear diagnostic criteria. One of the more popular tests was proposed by Young (1998) in her original paper and known as the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). This scale added to the IADQ as it contained 20 items measured on a Likert scale. Its internal consistency has been examined amongst a variety of settings, most of which have proven to be positive (Widyanto McMurran, 2004). However, its factor structure has been inconsistently reported in different contexts challenging its original unidimen sional design (Lai et al., 2013). Through a systematic review of 68 epidemiological studies on Internet addiction, Kuss et al. (2014) reported that as many as twenty-one different scales were developed between the IAT in 1998 to the DSM-5 in 2013 in an attempt to examine an individual’s addiction to the Internet, each test with their own issues. Petry et al. (2014) discuss the inclusion of Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 by assembling international experts to achieve consensus about assessing this disorder in an array of contexts as defined by the nine criteria in the DSM-5. Pre-occupation refers to the individual thinking about gaming not only while playing but also while they are not playing. Withdrawal refers to particular symptoms that emerge when one is unable to initiate gaming, or when one is trying to withhold from gaming. Tolerance denotes that an individual feels the need to game for extended periods of time to feel sufficient excitement. The fourth criterion is unsuccessful attempts to stop or reduce gaming. A person with Internet gaming disorder may also protrude a loss of interest in other hobbies or activities. The individual may also continue to game excessively even though they are aware of the negative consequences that arise from this behaviour. Deception refers to lying about the extent of their time gaming to others. The penultimate criteria the authors discussed is using gaming as an escape or relief from a negative mood, such as feelings of anxiety, sadness or depression. A person with Internet gaming disorder may also jeopardise or lose valuable relationships, work opportunities or educational opportunities due to their attraction to gaming. For the DSM-5 to deem an individual with this disorder, they must meet five or more of the criteria discussed within the past year. However, as Internet gaming disorder is situated in Section 3 of the DSM, which contains emerging measures and models, and due to the relative newness of the field, much more research must be conducted to produce a definitive set of criteria. Of all specific Internet addictions, online gaming has arguably garnered the most attention to date from academics and researchers alike. Similar to the studies previously discussed, Rehbein and Mà ¶ÃƒÅ¸le (2013) set out to determine whether video game addiction specifically could be distinguished as its own diagnosis in contrast to being attached to Internet addiction as a whole. A range of relevant data was collected from a large sample of 4436 school participants on their video game and Internet usage patterns, along with questions related to their psychological wellbeing. The results determined that video game addiction and Internet addiction can very much be regarded as two distinct nosological entities, and it is important to do so, as there are supreme differences in the sociodemographic characteristics between the two groups. The authors found that males primarily made up the group of video game addicts, whereas females predominately found themselves in the Internet addicted group. Early in the lifespan of the Internet, Young (1998) found that users were drawn to real-time services such as internet relay chat (IRC) and multi-user domains (MUD). As technology is advanced, these amenities developed further into three-dimensional graphical representations in the form of online games. Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) took the world by storm in the early 2000s through titles such as â€Å"Everquest†, where users were able to play out the life of a character in an online world with other players. Ng and Wiemer-Hastings (2005) investigated the different usages between MMORPG players and Non-MMORPG players by collecting anonymous surveys posted on various gaming forums. Interestingly, MMORPG players were seen to spend significantly more time investing in online gaming. However, the authors emphasise that these players cannot be classified as addicted as they display opposing characteristics to an addict, in that they do not seek self-con fidence from the game, would not be irritated if they spent extended periods of time without playing and would find fun elsewhere if MMORPGs did not exist. The authors suggest that MMORPG players have a different perspective on social life, or labelled as introverted by some, and chose to socialise through online gaming rather than in the real world. Comparable to the term itself, the symptoms of Internet addiction have been hotly debated since its proposal in the mid-1990’s (Valkenburg Peter, 2009). In the early years of Internet addiction, the predominant belief amongst researchers was that this disorder had a detrimental effect both psychologically and socially. This was demonstrated in a famous study by Kraut et al. (1998) where they analysed this very idea in a longitudinal study. Measures of Internet use were collected over a two-year period, and social and psychological well-being were measured through reliable self-reports by individuals who had never used the Internet prior. Like other studies at the time, Kraut et al. found that excessive use of the Internet was associated with increases in loneliness and depression and declines in social involvement Due to the increased accessibility of the Internet in a contemporary setting, many academics elude to the convoluted consequences of extreme Internet use in the modern day. Bessiere, Kiesler, Kraut and Boneva (2008) predicted, using previous hypotheses, that the way an individual uses the Internet will produce an increase or decrease in psychological and/or social well-being. A study similar to that of Kraut et al. (1998) was generated to decidedly distant results. Firstly, it was found that using the internet for things other than communication had no apparent consequences on well-being. Additionally, they found that using the Internet to communicate with family and friends actually had declining levels of depression. Whereas using the Internet as a means to interconnect with, and meet new people did induce increased levels of depression. Finally, the authors found that individuals with high levels of social support initially were more prone to negative social consequences in compar ison to those with low levels of social support. All aspects of Internet addiction are still up for debate. With the further protrusion of its presence in the everyday lives of more and more people, many studies have become invalid within a short period, making it problematic to keep up with the ever-changing landscape. Increased accessibility and affordability enable almost everybody the chance to be sucked in by the Internet, whereas in years gone past, especially in its inception, it was a more exclusive group. Perhaps this means that Internet addiction will become more widespread over the coming years, or contrastingly, the concept will die off due the normalisation of its overuse. As has been discussed throughout this review, many scales have been developed in an attempt to diagnose, and it is expected that much more will be established in the future as Internet use becomes increasingly prominent. It is evident that the distinction between generalised and specific Internet addiction needs to be entrenched to improve diagnoses, and this step has been taking with the introduction of the Internet Gaming Disorder in the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Much more research needs to be conducted within this field in the coming years to gain decisive conclusions. However researchers may be fighting a losing battle due to the Internet’s perpetual innovations.

Idealism versus Naturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Idealism versus Naturalism - Essay Example Gombrich argues that in pursuit of idealism for self-interests, the artists omitted any feature to they did not like to produce ‘†¦an idealized statue that usually lack character and vigour’ (103). Moreover, their desire to portray the true, the good, and the beauty of a real a man - ideal humanistic outlook – resulted in a quite ‘symmetrical, well-built and beautiful statue.' Due to the flawed figures of idealism, Greek artists adopted the naturalist perspective that represents the human form in its natural appearance or realistic look. The proponents of naturalism argue that the idealistic idea was only to add aesthetic value to drawings and sculptures and avoid reality. For instance, in Hermes with Dionysus, Praxiteles portrays the natural gesture of a hairy, wise, loving, caring and anxious man with human quality carrying a playful child (Gombrich 102). Moreover, he curved a younger non-stiff body leaning on a post for balance while maintaining elegance and smooth surfaces. These are realistic features that contrast the idealistic principle of calm and ever-smiling man to reflect an ideal situation of harmony and happiness. Moreover, the height of 3.5 feet tall of the idealistic approach fails to reflect the proper size of a human, 6.9 feet as depicted by Praxiteles. Despite these differences, one similarity of the two approaches is the Contrapposto where the right leg is bent while stepping forward and the left hip elevated to support body weight.

The Role of Mental Set in Classroom Management Essay - 15

The Role of Mental Set in Classroom Management - Essay Example Mental set helps teachers to cultivate stance in relation to the classroom. Teachers can come up with solutions quickly in a classroom situation. For example, when children disrupt the classroom the teacher acts fast because he or she has experienced a similar problem and had a solution to it. This helps to minimize class disruptions because the students know the teacher is in control (Marzano, R. J., Marzano, J. S., & Pickering, 2003). Every human being has their strong and weak points. It is important for teachers to evaluate themselves in order to know their strengths and weaknesses. It helps a lot in maintaining effective classroom management. As a teacher, my main strength is my ability to maintain a good relationship with the students. Having taught for some years, I have learned the importance of maintaining a good relationship with the students. This helps in improving the students’ performance and also helps in cooperating with them. My ability to accommodate students from different cultural backgrounds is another area I do well. Having taught student from a different culture, I have come to learn the importance of understanding the students (Montgomery, 2001). Different cultures have different practices that if not understood can be misinterpreted. For example, Mexicans expect their children to be obedient, quiet and seek approval before acting. This can be interpreted as been overly dependent on the teacher. As a teacher, I tend to act swiftly in class this is an area I can do better. A case of a situation in class, I tend to act quickly without consulting what had caused the particular incident. Due to the fact, I have encountered similar situations in the classroom. This is an area I can work on in order to be a better classroom manager (Weinstein, Curran, & Tomlinson-Clarke, 2003).

Timeless or Everlasting God Essay Example for Free

Timeless or Everlasting God Essay The definition of an everlasting God would be a God that has existed throughout time and space, linked to God’s characteristic of being omnipresent, basically meaning that He is present everywhere at all times. This would mean that he is a personal God as he is immanent and is involved with humanity. This back up events like miracles and revelations within the world, as they are caused by God so are evidence of his personal relationship with humans. The definition of a timeless God would mean that God exists outside of time. This links to the characteristic of God which some believers believe he is; transcendent. This means that God exists outside of time and space so therefore has an impersonal relationship with humanity, meaning He would not be able to influence humanity in the form of miracles or revelations. This view is commonly thought by believers of deism, who believe that an omnipotent God created the world, but then left it to ‘do its own thing and learn from its own mistakes’ and no longer looks over it. There are more benefits to an everlasting God, mainly because it would explain how miracles occur. However it also means that there can be revelations in the form of praying as a personal God may answer one’s prayers as He is within the universe. Another advantage would be that a personal God can also try to teach us right from wrong and would discipline us like a parental figure. This is shown in Genesis chapter 1, where God is also shown to have more human-like characteristics and he punishes Adam and Eve much like a parental figure showing his personal relationship with humans. Also the biggest benefit would be that it be proof that Jesus was the Son of God. However an advantage of having a timeless God would be that as God exists outside time and space then he would see all events and therefore he would know everything; past, present and future. This would mean that he would be an omniscient God.

The Immigrant Experience: The Anguish of Becoming American Essay

The Immigrant Experience: The Anguish of Becoming American Immigration from the Early 1990's still affects America today. The people who came to America from different countries brought their traditions, their families, and their culture. These three things stuck with them through thick and thin and are still thriving parts of what America is today. Many immigrants came with literally nothing in their pockets and had to work their way to success. The Immigrant Experience by Thomas Wheeler tells the story of nine different immigrants' trials and tribulations of coming and living in America. Each immigrant went through different experiences of becoming American but they also had their similarities. Four things that attributed to the assimilation of the immigrants are: language, money, religion, and ambition. Each immigrant experienced their individual trials, but they still all had several similarities. Almost all of the immigrants in this book came to America without being able to speak English, except for the immigrant from London. Alan Pryce-Jones came to America able to speak English and this put him at an advantage over the other immigrants because he could communicate with Americans. Also, he came to America after he established his writing in Europe. He came with money and wisdom which set him far above the other immigrants. The immigrants who couldn't speak English had to take classes and settle for low paying jobs because they could not communicate with their bosses. If they weren't working for someone else, they entrepreneured their own business. William Alfred, the Irish immigrant, was raised by a grandmother who owned her own business. This made it a little easier for him to find a job, and bring in money. J... ...America and living here made them American. But, they all brought over their own traditions and culture that still affect families today. Americans all have the outer candy coatings, but each peanut inside is different. The peanuts make the M & M's what they are. The outer appearance is the same but the inward structure is not. The peanuts do not affect the way the M & M looks but they sure do affect the way they taste. Next time you go to eat an M & M think about what America is. Is it a group of people who are all the same and have conformed to each other so that you cannot distinguish one from another? Or is America like a bowl of peanut M & M's where you can see how every one is similar but each individual is different on the inside? They may look American. They may act American. They may very well be American, but they cannot neglect their ancestry roots.

Communication Problems in the Philippines Essay

Introduction English has been one of the main languages used here in the Philippines for a long time now, since the American Regime. Although Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Biko and Waray are the main local languages, while Filipino is the indigenous national language, English remains an important official language (Platt, Weber, Lian 20). It is mainly used in education and â€Å"reigns supreme in the econo-technical area (Platt, Weber, Lian 21).† This is the reason why we Filipinos are very familiar with the language. But we also have our own problems with it due to that fact that everyone learns the language at a different rate and environment. Thus, we mainly have mistakes when speaking it. This study strives to recognize the common problems we encounter when speaking in English or hearing someone else speak in English, the different attitudes towards the variety of the said language, our consciousness of the language errors we make, and what we do to improve our education of the language. A. Statement of the Problem The researcher aims to identify the common problems of Filipinos with the English language, and what actions the people involved can take to correct these faults. B. Significance of the Study It is well known that many Filipinos are fluent in English. But  unfortunately, our knowledge in English is depreciating, due to different ways of acquiring the language. As a result, our English, even though it is still widespread, is not of a high quality than it used to be. Majority of fluent English speakers come from the upper to middle classes, but still not all of them learn it the right way. The lower classes on the other hand, very seldom encounter English. Because of these varying acquisitions of the language, language problems arise, affecting essential everyday conversations in school, business, etc. C. Scope and Delimitation The study focuses on the youth from an age bracket of 16-21 years old, preferably college students studying within the vicinity of Metro Manila. Aside from giving out survey questionnaires, the researcher has made participative observations of her friends. Language attitudes and problems have been researched to set the pace of the study. CHAPTER II Theoretical Framework A. Review of Related Literature i. A Summary of Common Language Problems We Filipinos often come across diverse versions of English. These distinctions may be considered as the downside of our versions of English. Hence we deem these as a communication problem that has to be solved somehow. In the book, The New Englishes, Platt, Weber and Lian summarize the trends new varieties of English may have: a. Accents The typical Filipino displays a certain accent when speaking in English, which tells us something about the person. An accent may indicate the  speaker’s social class, what region he or she came from, or what country he or she came from (Platt, Weber, Lian 30). Here are the common tendencies regarding accent: (1) a tendency to shorten vowel sounds; (2) a lack of distinction between long and short vowel sounds; (3) a tendency to replace central vowels by either front or back vowels; (4) a tendency to shorten diphthongs and to leave out the second sound element in a diphthong;(37) (5) replacement of the fricatives [ ] and [] by other sounds, usually [d] and [t] on their own or followed by sight friction; (6) a tendency to make no distinction between certain voiced and voiceless consonants; (7) a tendency to reduce the aspiration of consonants at the beginning of words; (8) a tendency not to release consonants at the end of words. (43) In all language varieties, speakers vary considerably in their pronunciation. But not only are these differences confined to their being in different groups, but to the individual himself. Thus, we sometimes have difficulty understanding each other whenever we encounter pronunciations of words that are unlike the standardized way. b. Nouns Problems with nouns are very common. They may be very simple to understand and learn but still, a lot of people are having a hard time following English grammar rules. The following are tendencies concerning nouns: (1) a tendency not to mark nouns for plural; (2) a tendency to use a specific/non-specific system for nouns rather than a definite/indefinite system, or to use the two systems side by side; (3) a tendency to change the form of quantifiers; (4) a tendency not to make a distinction between the third person pronouns he and she; (5) a tendency to change the word order within the noun phrase. (65) c. Actions, states and perceptions In relation to the use of tenses, the authors went over the following tendencies: (1) a tendency not to mark the verb for third person singular in its present tense form; (2) a tendency not to mark verbs for the past tense. This tendency is stronger when verbs are used non-punctually; (3) a tendency to use an aspect system rather than a tense system or to use both systems side by side; (4) a tendency to extend the use of be + verb + ing constructions to stative verbs; (5) the formation of different phrasal and prepositional verb constructions. d. New ways of stating ideas A language’s progress involves creation new words or new meanings for existing words (Platt, Weber, Lian 87). The certain tendencies that the authors enumerated are as follows: (1) a tendency to imply rather than explicitly state subject and object pronouns which can be understood from the context; (2) a tendency to use pronoun copying; (3) a tendency to use adverbs such as ‘already,’ ‘only,’ ‘even’ in sentence final positions; (4) a tendency not to invert in WH-questions and YES/NO questions; (5) a tendency to use invariant question tags. (130-31) These common English language problems can often be noticed here in the Philippines. But another language problem or variation that we have is the use of â€Å"Taglish,† a mixture of our local official language and English. This is frequently used during informal conversations but getting accustomed to this style is becoming common, which may cause complications in certain situations. ii. Attitude Towards the English Language The main attitude towards English here in the Philippines is that fluent speakers of it are considered elite or at least well educated. Mastery of the English language is important because it is generally â€Å"required for access to better jobs and opportunities (Goodman and Graddol 200).† But it is rarely equally available, thus social inequality arises. â€Å"Language is one of the primary defining qualities of man, both individual and collectively. It surrounds us, molding our ways of thinking and feeling, from the infant’s cry to the obituary notice. People deprived of language in some way, be they deaf, dumb, illiterate, or inarticulate, are essentially handicapped (Hughes 1).† The dominant groups of citizens in a society whose patterns of language are marketed, usually advance in the social race (Ryan and Giles 1). Thus  learning the language is believed as a very important part of our education due to the idea of globalization. B. Hypothesis The youth today is submissive to the English language’s degeneration here in the Philippines. All around us, speakers of the English language can be observed. The youth, as much as possible, tries to avoid using the language unless they are required to do so in school functions. The ones who use the language frequently are influenced into not using it to adapt to the common environment that they are in. C. Definition of Terms The following is a list of terms that will be used in this study: Attitude – A way of regarding life and events. English – The main language that is spoken in Britain, the USA, and other countries. Language – A communication system to express thoughts and emotions by symbols, sounds, etc. Mistake – An error identified through the standard set of rules of the English language. Problem – Anything that is difficult to deal with or understand. Variety – Different forms. Youth – A group of individuals within the age group of 16-21 years old. CHAPTER III Methodology The researcher wanted to find out if the youth today is submissive to the English language’s degeneration here in the Philippines. In line with this, the researcher conducted a sample survey of thirty people, wherein questions about the respondents’ backgrounds of and attitudes toward the English language were inquired about. The results were then brought together, tabulated, and analyzed. The researcher also observed her friends, who had different social backgrounds, as to how they perceive English as an effective communication tool. These observations were taken down and thus, have influenced one way or another, the outcome of the study. A. Research Design This study focused on the use of the Descriptive Method of research. The descriptive method is a general procedure employed in studies that have their chief purpose of description of phenomena. The description and survey of the youth’s consciousness of English communication problems were therefore the primary task of this study. B. Sample Questionnaire Sample Questionnaire Dear Respondent, I am conducting a research entitled, â€Å"English Communication Problems in the Philippines and the Consciousness of Today’s Youth† as a partial requirement for the course, English 100. It is in this connection that I seek your assistance in answering the  following questions as completely and honestly as possible. Your answers will be kept strictly confidential and its use will only be intended for this particular study. From the researcher’s experiences hanging out with friends her age, she was able to examine her friends’ actions and reactions when their mistakes were corrected. If the people were really close to each other, grammar errors are often taken notice of and corrected in the process. But if the friends are not as close, or have a shallow relationship, they tend to overlook each other’s mistakes. The researcher herself was hesitant to correct her org-mates whenever she encountered common grammar and pronunciation mistakes, for they might be embarrassed. But when speaking with a friend of more than five years, the two help each other out to improve their English. Other people, when informally asked if they tried to correct others’ mistakes, say that it depends on their relationship with the person/s involved. Next, they were asked how often they used English and in what environments do they use it. D. Statistical Analysis 1. Educational Background Government-funded Schools Private Schools 47% 53% 2. Frequency of use of English 1 2 3 4 10% 57% 27% 7% 3. Environments where they are most obliged to speak English At home In  school At the mall With friends In English classes 10% 33% 3% 17% 37% 4. Respondents’ awareness of their mistakes Yes Most of the time Sometimes No 23% 10% 30% 37 5. Frequency of mistakes 1 2 3 4 3% 33% 50% 13% 6. Do the people around them correct them? Yes Most of the time Sometimes No 13% 17% 47% 23% 7. Personal reaction to the correction Embarrassed Insulted Accept it Ignore it 67% 7% 23% 3% 8. Awareness of other people’s mistakes 1 2 3 4 10% 10% 33% 47% 9. Do they correct other people? Yes Most of the time Sometimes No 10% 27% 50% 13% 10. The people’s reaction to the correction Embarrassed Insulted Accept it Ignore it 63% 3% 33% 0% 11. Actions taken to improve their English 33% use it as much as possible 7% take classes in English 3% read grammar books 23% read literary books 33% nothing E. Analysis The respondents were asked about their educational background, whether they came from public or private schools, because the trend today is that private schools offer better education, especially in English due to the fact that they have bigger budgets, and thus, better teachers. Also, the students who go to private schools are usually from the middle to upper classes. These social groups are often more exposed to the English language, because of their family’s good education background. In the sample survey, more than half of the respondents answered that they came from private schools. This gives rise to the assumption that most of the respondents have a satisfactory learning of the English language. 57% answered â€Å"2† for frequency of use on a scale of 1 to 4, 4 being the highest. 37% said they normally use English only in English classes. This shows that English is not mainly used anymore, unless people are obliged to do so. 30% of the respondents said that they are sometimes aware of their mistakes and 37% answered â€Å"3† for frequency of mistakes on a scale of 1 to 4, 4 being the highest. When asked if they were corrected, 47% answered â€Å"sometimes† and 67% were embarrassed when the corrections were made. People are hesitant in correcting other people mainly because they are afraid that they may embarrass the people involved. Then they were asked how often were they aware of other people’s mistakes. A majority of 47% answered â€Å"4† on a scale of 1 to 4, 4 being the highest. But a majority of 50% answered â€Å"sometimes† to the question of whether they correct others or not. Even if people rarely correct each other, they still listen for mistakes. Their only objective here is to see if others make mistakes, but not to improve others’ English. They only use the information they get to label the person or to somehow just describe and create an impression of the person. The reason for this is shown by the next question about other people’s reactions. 63% were embarrassed and only 33% accept their mistakes. People give more importance to the feelings of others, rather than helping others enhance their knowledge of the English language. Finally, the respondents were asked about what actions do they take to improve their English. 33% said that they use it as much as possible, but another 33% said that they do nothing about it. This shows how passive the youth to day is when it comes to English development. They take it for granted and leave everything else to the school that they go to, refusing to expand their learning environment. CHAPTER IV Conclusion Young people today are submissive to the deterioration of the quality of the English language here in the Philippines. They depend on educational institutions to fix the problem, and are passive when constructive criticisms are raised. This problem mainly starts at home. If Filipinos don’t use it at home, they don’t use it in school either, unless the teachers tell them to do so. And when the teachers are not fully proficient, all else fails. Thus, as people grow older, the chance for improvement becomes smaller, and the kind of English that they have known all their lives is what they take to the professional world. English should be used as early as possible because it is very important especially in career building. Most jobs today require applicants to be fluent in English. Globalization is really the root of this need for English, which some people say, is a bad thing. But no one can fight globalization, so we Filipinos might as well compete in it. We have an advantage, having been colonized by English speakers who taught us the language, making it a permanent part of our educational system. But the deterioration of our fluency in English should be solved immediately so that the long-term effects of it won’t be as significant. Through constant use of the language, better educational programs, and increased awareness and activity in improving one’s own English, our nation’s future with the language may just live on. BIBLIOGRAPHY Goodman, Sharon and David Graddol, ed. Redesigning English. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. Hughes, Geoffrey. Words in Time: A Social History of the English Vocabulary. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1988. Keany, Bryan and Bill Lucas. Looking at Language. Great Britain: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1994. Platt, John, Heidi Weber and Ho Mian Lian. The New Englishes. London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul plc, 1984. Ryan, Ellen Bouchard and Howard Giles. Attitudes Towards Language Variation. London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., 1982.

Darlings Chocolate

Why do you think colonel Darling chose sole trader as a form of business organization and when and why might his company have become a partnership. Joshua Darling was a retired army colonel, who returned after the army to Liverpool, where he was born, opened a chocolate factory and set up his own business as a sole trader in July 1933. Why colonel Darling chose a sole proprietorship as a form of business organization? First of all, a sole proprietorship was suitable for his nature as he could be his own boss, lead and motivate people, make independent decisions and be entirely responsible for all aspects of the management of his business.Secondly, after returning from the army to Liverpool, he didn’t have any person to trust in and to help. Thirdly, a sole proprietorship can be set up with little or no money in the business and there are no legal formalities to establish the company. Besides, sole proprietor is not subject to public report and the books reflecting the results of his business were private and competitors wouldn’t use it to their advantages. The colonel’s decision to open the factory came at a time of high unemployment and economic slowdown in Liverpool.Darling used it to his advantages. There was no difficulty in hiring suitable workers, so he could economize paying low wages. Also there was no difficulty for Darling to entry the market. Sales figure showed that his chocolate was the country’s number one choice and almost half the company’s production of the brand was exported. Why was Darling so successful with his chocolate business? The chocolates were of the highest quality and contained only the finest ingredients.And the reason why Darling decided to start a chocolate factory is that he was unsatisfied with the quality of it. That is why, when his wife came out with the idea to establish a chocolate factory he took this opportunity. In 1940 Darling changed the form of his business and entered partnership with his son-in-law who had been in the family for 6 years by that moment and was a person to trust in. Besides, he could invest money into the company and contribute new skills and add a new dimension to the business.Besides, a partnership has many advantages. Firstly, it is easier to multiply sources of capital. Also partnerships often receive favored treatment by the government as well as tax benefits. Secondly, each partner can specialize in each aspect of the business or share the work. To sum up, I can say that in the time of Britain’s largest economic stagnation, colonel Darling managed to set up his own, a profit making business and become successful. When and why might Darlings’ have become LTD, when did it go public, what were the reasons for it?By the time of middle 50-s Darlings’ had become a highly profitable company. Everyone in Britain knew the smiling face of Colonel Darling which was on every box. Sales figures showed that they were the countryà ¢â‚¬â„¢s number one choice. Darlings’ chocolates were more popular than those of other manufacturer because of their quality and prices. That is why almost half â€Å"The Colonel’s Choice† was exported. The company managed to entry international markets, selling products to customers oversees as far as Australia and South America.As the market was becoming more competitive, Darling started to seek ways to expand and increase the company’s profitability and in 1956 decided to become the private limited company. It was suitable for Darling as it is usually family business owned by members of the family or close friends. Other advantages were that, first of all, there are no continuity problems. Darling was becoming older and he wanted to be sure that after his death business would be continued by members of his family.Secondly, it was beneficial for Darling to raise extra capital as there is no limit on the number of shareholders. Thirdly, the shareholdersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ liability is limited to the nominal value of the shares held. In this way, by buying shares, a large number of people could contribute funds to the company without risking all their personal possession. Besides, control of the business cannot be lost to outsiders and shares can be transferred only with the consent of other members of the company.In 1963 Colonel Joshua Darling died and his daughter inherited the Colonel’s majority shareholding and controlling interest. That time the cost of sugar and cocoa rose significantly, the company’s sales started to drop. That is why in 1963 Mrs Windbourne decided to go public. First of all, it is easier to raise capital. Secondly, production costs may be lower as firms may gain economies scale. Thirdly, in case of liquidation of a company, each shareholder only losses the nominal value of his shares, so the property of the owners is immune. Besides, financial institutions are more willing to lend to plcs.

Factors of Single Parent Families Essay Example

Factors of Single Parent Families Essay Example Factors of Single Parent Families Essay Factors of Single Parent Families Essay Single-parent familiesA can be defined as households where a parent lives with dependent kids, either entirely or in a larger family, without a partner or spouse. Single-parent is a parent who cares for one or more kids without physical aid of another parent in place. Single parentage may change harmonizing to the local Torahs of different states or parts. Single-parent households which are households with kids under age 18 headed by a parent who is divorced, widowed, acceptance, unreal insemination, surrogate maternity or non married. But largely single-parent households came approximately because of the decease of partner. Besides that, most of the single-parent households face common job and particular challenge, the most common job is their kids. Children who live with individual male parent or female parent, they have to take attention themselves and acquire less attention from parent because of busy working. Harmonizing to societal scientists, kids who turning up in single-pa rent households are disadvantages in other ways when compared to a two-biological-parent households. Many of these jobs are straight related to the hapless economic status of single-parent households, non merely to rearing manner. Factors of Single-Parent Families The consequence on kids In single-parent households, kids tend to see short-and long-run economic and psychological disadvantages, higher absentee rates at school, lower degrees of instruction, and higher dropout rates ( with male childs more negatively affected than misss ) . Besides that, they will more delinquent activity, including intoxicant and drug dependence. Adolescents, on the other manus, are more negatively affected by parental strife prior to disassociate than by populating in single-parent households and really derive in duty as a consequence of altered household modus operandis. In add-on, kids in single-parent households more likely to endure emotional job, due to fuss and father split up or any other ground. Children in single-mother places are besides more likely to see health-related jobs as a consequence of the diminution in their living criterion, including the deficiency of wellness insurance. In future, kids who from single-parent households become grownups, they are more likely to ge t married early, have kids early, and divorce. Girls are at greater hazard of going individual female parents as a consequence of noncapital childbirth or divorce. : Economicss of single-parent households The chief job of single-parent households is economic, in single-father households, there will be no any job, because male parent have peculiar occupation, have no concern. But in single-mother households, there might hold job, for illustration, when single-mother divorced or widowed, she have no any occupation or any income to keep the households. Single-mother has to confront economic job, such as deficiency of money paid for kids surveies. Lower degree of educational accomplishment Children or adolescents who live under single-parent households will confront lower degree of instruction job, this is because the households confronting finance job, holding hapless economic status, so the parent have no adequate money direct the kids to tuition, or any learning Centre to hold excess acquisition, kids merely merely go to the authorities school survey. Besides that, parent who have finance job, he or she do nt hold adequate money to purchase the mention books for their kid, they merely study the text book, ca nt acquire excess larning stuff or cognition. Children / Teenagers holding struggle with their parent Children or adolescents who lives in single-parent households will hold struggle with the parent, this is because the parent are busy working outside and pass less clip with their kids, or even ca nt hold a good communicate with them, miss communicating between parent and their kids, so the struggle occur. Parent who busy working outdoors, they ca nt pass more clip on them, that s why the parent do nt even cognize what their kid demand or wants. Besides that, kids or adolescents with argue with their parent because the parent ca nt understand them, ca nt hold a good communicate with them. Less supervised by parent In a single-parent households, individual male parent or female parent are busy working at outside, they do nt hold much more clip supervised their kids. This will do the kids turn to bad side, because the parent ca nt pass clip on oversee them. When parent busy working non at place, or parent do nt hold much clip with the kids, so when the kids will experience entirely or tiring, they will hanging out with friends, hooky with friends, smoking with friends, or taking drugs. In this state of affairs, the parent does nt cognize at all, they do nt cognize what their kids making outside, doing good or bad friends. No subject Childs who lives in single-parent households, most of them do nt hold subject, this is because individual male parent or female parent did nt pass clip on household instruction, they merely busy with their occupation. Family instruction is of import for kids, for illustration, kids who do nt hold subject, he or she is merely a ill-mannered male child or miss, they do nt cognize what is respect and how to esteem other people. Besides that, when the kids survey in school without subject, he or she do nt cognize how to esteem the instructor and non following the direction, for illustration, when instructor learning the lesson, he or she playing with other friends and upseting other pupils, he or she will be punish by the instructor or schoolmaster due to make nt hold any subject. Divorce parent/single parent finds new spouse who treats the kids of the old spouse severely When a divorce parent or individual parent unrecorded individual for few old ages, he or she might happen a new spouse for accompany his or her. But here is the job, if the parent happen the new spouse is bad, the new spouse will handle the kids of the cherished spouse severely. For illustration, if the new spouse of the parent does nt wish the kids, he or she will maintain doing problem on them, such as crushing them, endanger the kids, and any other worst things on them.